![]() As a result the variation in genetic material has been increased significantly, because up and down the chromosome there has been an exchanged of the mother and father's genetic material. Subsequently, the synapses snap completing the crossing over of the genetic information. Once the synapse is formed it is called a bivalent (where a chromatid of one pair is synapsed/attached to the chromatid in a homologous chromosomes and crossing over can occur. Bivalent is more commonly used at an advanced level as it is a better choice due to similar names for similar states (a single homolog is a 'univalent', and three homologs are a 'trivalent'). After the homologous pairs synapse they are either called tetrads or bivalents. The synaptonemal complex facilitates synapsis by holding the alligned chromosomes together. ![]() These synapsis can form up and down the chromosomes allowing numerous points of contact called ' synaptonemal complex', this can be compared to a zipper structure, due to the coils of chromatin. Zygotene is the sub-stage where synapsis between homologous chromosomes begins. This is a very short stage of Prophase 1. Each sister chromatid is attached to the nuclear envelope and are so close together that they can be mistaken for only one chromosome. The appearance of the chromosomes at this stage of Prophase 1 is likened to 'a string with beads', these beads are called chromomeres. The chromosomes become visible by using electron microscopy, which can distinguish between sister chromatids. ![]() Leptotene is the first of five stages of Prophase 1 and consists of the condensing of the already replicated chromosomes, this procedure continues throughout Prophase 1.
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